Kyasanur Forest Disease - causal agent and transmission cycle Image Transmission cycle and seasonal risk period for KFD KFD, also referred to as Monkey Fever, is a tick-borne viral haemorrhagic disease, which can be fatal to humans and other primates. The causal agent, Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus), is a member of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex. It is transmitted by a range of tick species, with Haemophysalis spinigera being considered the principal vector. A wide range of small rodents, monkeys and birds are thought to play a role in Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV) transmission. Cattle are probably important hosts for adult H. spinigera ticks but develop neutralising antibodies against KFDV which suppress virus amplification. Humans, who contract KFD virus when bitten by an infected tick or by coming in contact with an infected animal, are considered dead-end hosts. This is because they cannot infect ticks nor other people with t
The Dadni system The Mughal Empire saw significant growth in trade and commerce, and the Dadni system was one of the ways that loans were provided to merchants and craftsmen. The system allowed for advance money to be given to craftsmen, who would then prepare goods for traders, with the borrowed money being placed in the form of material on ships leaving for a particular destination. Dadni system became prevalent in medieval India because It gave impetus to both inland and foreign trade. The lender would charge a higher interest rate due to the risk involved in lending money in this manner. Therefore, we can conclude that Dadni system became prevalent in medieval India because It gave impetus to both inland and foreign trade. Kamiyati system Under this system, prevalent in Bihar and Orissa, the people of the Kamiya caste, who used to do farming as agricultural slaves, used to serve their owners throughout their life in exchange for the amount of interest given on the loan received.