Self Preparation for UPSC IAS

  Israel-Palestine war: A brief history of Gaza's 75 years of woe Held by the Ottoman Empire until 1917, it passed from British to Egyptian to Israeli military rule over the last century and is now a fenced-in enclave inhabited by over 2 million Palestinians. Gaza is a coastal strip of land that lay on ancient trading and maritime routes along the Mediterranean shore. Held by the Ottoman Empire until 1917, it passed from British to Egyptian to Israeli military rule over the last century and is now a fenced-in enclave inhabited by over 2 million Palestinians. Here are some of the major milestones in its recent history. Some glimpses of Israel Palestine conflict: Background - the roots of the conflict can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th century when Jewish immigration to Palestine, then under Ottoman rule, began to increase. The Zionist movement, which sought of establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, gained momentum during this period.  Balfour Declaration (1917)  D

  Neanderthal Man (Man of Neander Valley): Neanderthal man, or Neanderthals, were an extinct species of hominins closely related to modern humans. They lived in Europe and parts of Asia from around 400,000 years ago until about 40,000 years ago (middle to upper Pleistocene epoch) Neanderthals are known for their distinctive physical features, including a robust body and large brow ridges.  They had a complex culture and made tools, used fire and social structures. There is evidence of interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans, with many peoples of non-African descent today carrying some Neanderthal DNA in their genomes. First fossil discovered by William King in 1856 in Neander Valley, Germany.  In Anthropology, the study Neanderthals plays a significant role to understand human evolution and the diversity of hominin species. Some key aspects of Neanderthals in anthropology: Human Evolution: Neanderthals represent close relatives to modern humans and provide valuable insight

  Homo Erectus  Homo Erectus is an extinct species of hominin that lived approximately 2 to 0.25 million years ago. They were some of the first hominins to walk fully upright and had a more human like posture and body structure compared to their predecessors.  Some subspecies of Homo Erectus: Homo Erectus Erectus (Java Man) Homo Erectus Peckinensis (China Man) Homo Erectus Narmadaensis (Narmada Man) Homo Erectus Heidelbergensis (Heidelberg Man) Some fossils evidences found in places:  Geographical distribution of Homo Erectus: The first fossil was discovered by Eugene Dubois in 1891. He gave the name of Homo Erectus as Pithecanthropus Erectus (Erect Man) however later Janush  gave the name Homo Erectus as he is not a connecting link between Man and Ape but an evolutionary stage of man with erect posture. Homo Erectus holds the significant place in the field of anthropology and the study of human evolution. Here are some ways in which Homo Erectus is important in anthropology: Understan

Homo Habilis (Handi Man) Recent Development of Homo Habilis: While scientists used to think that H. Habilis was the ancestor of Homo Erectus, recent discoveries in 2000 of relatively late 1.44 million years old Homo Habilis and a relatively early 1.55 million years old H. Erectus  from the same area of northern Kenya (Lake Turkana) challenged the conventional view that these species evolved one after the other. Instead, this evidence - along with other fossils - demonstrate that they coexisted in eastern Africa for almost a half million years.  Structure: Homo Habilis, which means "handi man" is an extinct species of hominid that lived approximately 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago during the early Pleistocene epoch. Fossils of Homo Habilis was first discovered by L. S. B. Leaky in 1964.     Homo Habilis is considered as the important transitional species in human evolution, as it represents a significant step in development of the Homo genus and the emergence of traits associate

 Class - 1 Historical Development & Salient Features of the Constitution  Before 1947, India was divided into two main entities – British India which consisted of 11 provinces, and the Princely states ruled by Indian princes under subsidiary alliance policy. The two entities merged together to form the Indian Union, but many of the legacy systems in British India is followed even now. The historical underpinnings and evolution of the Indian Constitution can be traced to many regulations and acts passed before Indian Independence. Acts and Reforms Introduced Before 1858 Following Acts and reforms were introduced for the governance of India from time to time before 1858. Regulating Act of 1773 The  first step  was taken by the British Parliament to control and regulate the affairs of the  East India Company  in India. East India House, London  It designated the  Governor  of Bengal (Fort William) as the  Governor-General (of Bengal) . Warren Hastings  became the first Governor-Genera