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Justice A N Ray (CJI)

  Justice A.N Ray Author : Mr. MK Verma  Hon’ble Mr.Justice Ajit Nath Ray was the 14 th  Chief Justice of India. He had served as the CJI of India from  26 th  Aprill 1973- 28 th  January 1977. Earlier he was appointed as the Judge of Supreme Court of India in August 1969. Early Life Justice Ray was born 29 th  January 1912 and had passed away on 25 th  December 2010 at Kolkata. He had studied in various prestigious colleges of the country and abroad like the Presidency college, Kolkata and the Oriel College, Oxford. Moreover he had been a part of various controversial judgements like the Bank Nationalisation Case of 1970 also known as the R.C Cooper Case. He had hit the news headlines on January 1973 when he was appointed as the CJI of India by the then PM of India Smt. Indira Gandhi which is often said to be the darkest hour in the history of India’s judiciary. Criticisms The ‘Two hours’ controversy:- It is said that Justice A.N Ray was not a Ju...
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Modern Indian History for UPSC IAS 2024

Class - 1 Sources for the history of Modern India: Introduction The records of the East India Company provide a  detailed account of trading  conditions during the period 1600-1857. When the British crown took over the administration, it also kept a large variety and volume of  official records . These records help historians to trace every important development stage-by-stage and follow the processes of  decision - making  and the  psychology of  the policy-makers . The records of the other European East India companies (the Portuguese, Dutch and French) are also useful for  constructing the history of the 17th and 18th centuries. Archival Materials 1. Central Government Archives The  National Archives of India , located in New Delhi, contains most of the archives of the Government of India. These provide authentic and reliable source materials on varied aspects of modern Indian history. The records with the National Archives come under vari...
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Kula, Potlatch and Moka system

Differences between Kula, Potlatch and Moka system of Exchange Distribution, gift giving and exchanging constitute a big issue for archaic societies. In the Western world the natural monetary economy is based on the principle of achieving a material profit during every transaction. That does not mean, however, that it is applicable in all cultures that in an exchange trade both sides must obtain the same economic benefit.  In the 1950’s the economic historian Karl Polanyi developed a system for classifying the different modes of the distribution of commodities.  He identified three different types: reciprocity, redistribution and trade exchange .  Both redistribution and the existence of market are subject to the activities of the central power organisations and therefore these categories are typical of those societies with advanced power and economic hierarchies.  More interesting for us therefore will be the reciprocal relationships in archaic societies. Reciproci...
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