Self Preparation for UPSC IAS

We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a  Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic and to secure to all its citizens: Justice: Social, Political and Economic; Liberty: of thought, expression, faith belief and worship; Equality  of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all; Fraternity: assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation; In our Constituent Assembly this Twenty-Six day of November, 1949, do hereby  adopt, enact and give to ourselves this constitution. 

  Justice A.N Ray Author : Mr. MK Verma  Hon’ble Mr.Justice Ajit Nath Ray was the 14 th  Chief Justice of India. He had served as the CJI of India from  26 th  Aprill 1973- 28 th  January 1977. Earlier he was appointed as the Judge of Supreme Court of India in August 1969. Early Life Justice Ray was born 29 th  January 1912 and had passed away on 25 th  December 2010 at Kolkata. He had studied in various prestigious colleges of the country and abroad like the Presidency college, Kolkata and the Oriel College, Oxford. Moreover he had been a part of various controversial judgements like the Bank Nationalisation Case of 1970 also known as the R.C Cooper Case. He had hit the news headlines on January 1973 when he was appointed as the CJI of India by the then PM of India Smt. Indira Gandhi which is often said to be the darkest hour in the history of India’s judiciary. Criticisms The ‘Two hours’ controversy:- It is said that Justice A.N Ray was not a Judge for the people rather was someone w